Johann
Lohs: The Channel Hunter
BY John Grogan
UB-57
With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the German navy quickly
realised the value of a large U-boat fleet and used its boats to attack
shipping all around the UK. Their aim was to deny Britain both food
and munitions as well as fresh troops in the later years of the war.
Initially, their focus was military and merchant navy, but as the
war progressed, all ships became targets the most notable example
being the RMS Lusitania sunk in 1916. With submarine bases along the
north German coast, the Dutch coast and even inland in Belgium (using
canals to get to the North Sea), submarines quickly fanned out to
form patrol zones in the English Channel, the North Sea, around the
Orkneys (near Scapa Flow), the Irish Sea, the Atlantic and the northern
approaches around northern Ireland and western Scotland.
At the time, submarine detection methods were at best primitive, relying
on watchmen to spot submarines either on the surface or by the telltale
wakes caused by their periscopes. In many cases, the first indication
of a U-boat in the area was the wake caused by an incoming torpedo
or by the explosion caused by impact.
The Imperial Navy largely employed three types of U-boat: the UB,
UC and U classes. The UB class boat was a coastal submarine that carried
ten torpedoes, accommodated thirty-four crewmembers and had a range
of 8,500 kilometres; this limited its sorties to around the UK. The
UC class was primarily a mine-laying boat. It carried seven torpedoes,
eighteen mines, and accommodated a crew of twenty-six men; its range
was 9,400 kilometres. The U class was an ocean-going U-boat with a
range of 12,500 kilometres and was primarily designed to work further
from home for longer periods. These boats operated in the Atlantic
and some even made it as far as the east coast of the United States.
This class of U-boat carried up to seventy-two mines and twelve torpedoes,
as well as a larger deck gun, and was crewed by forty men.
Johann Lohs
Although we know a great deal about the U-boat war, we know little
about the men who fought it. Many have forgotten the numerous boats
and captains who were engaged in this struggle. This essay will take
a look at one such captain, Johann Lohs, a German U-boat captain who
was responsible for many of this period's great wrecks, wrecks which
today are to be found along the British south coast.
Lohs was born in June 1889 in Saxony and entered the Imperial Navy
in 1909. In 1915, he was assigned to the U-75, where he served as
a weapons officer, before finally receiving command of the UC-75 in
1917. After a successful stint, he was given command of the UB-57.
The following is an account of some of his kills.
RMS Kyarra
The Kyarra was built in 1903 and for most of her life cruised in Australian
waters. However, with the outbreak of war, she was requisitioned for
use as a hospital ship and painted white with a large red cross on
her hull. Her top speed was 14 knots.
On 26 May 1918, she was cruising past Anvil Point on the south coast
on her way to Australia, when suddenly one of the lookouts shouted,
"Torpedo approaching on the portside." With the alarm sounded,
the ship started to turn hard to port, but it was too late; the torpedo
struck mid-ships. The engine room quickly flooded and the ship started
to settle in the water. Five people died in the explosion and an order
to abandon ship was given. Twenty minutes after being struck, the
ship slipped under the waves. After being satisfied with his kill,
Johann Lohs slipped back into deeper water further out in the channel.
Many passengers made it to the lifeboats and rowed to the nearby town
of Swanage from which dive boats today operate to and from the Kyarra.
Today, the Kyarra is a very popular dive site with dive shuttles going
back and forth to it all day in the summer. She lies fairly upright
in about 30 meters (100 feet) of water. Each year, her holds give
up more of the cargo that she once held, which has included many gold
watches.
RMS Moldavia
The Moldavia was a 9,505-ton liner generally employed on the London-Australia
run before the war. In 1915, she was converted into an armed merchant
cruiser. In May 1918, while carrying troops from Halifax, Nova Scotia
to London, she was steaming down the east of the channel near Brighton
and Littlehampton, escorted by a number of naval ships. On the early
morning of May 23, Lohs heard the faint sound of ships' engines and
moved to investigate. In the faint dawn glow, he spotted the convoy
and moved closer, slipping astern of the convoy, and remained on the
surface until the last possible minute. Finally, he dived and lined
up the cross hairs of his periscope before firing at the Moldavia.
She was struck amidships, but the damage did not initially seem serious,
so the Moldavia continued steaming on her course. The crew was mustered
to battle stations and all ten guns were manned, but there was no
one to shoot at. She steamed on for another fifteen minutes and then
slowly started to settle in the water. The escort ships immediately
responded to the attack by laying depth charges and, finally satisfied
that the U-boat was put down, returned to help the survivors. There
had been a large complement of soldiers in the compartment behind
the torpedo impact, and fifty-six died immediately. It only took twenty
minutes for the liner to sink beneath the waves.
Today, the Moldavia lies approximately in the middle of the channel
in up to 50 meters (165 feet) of water. She lies on her port side
with her highest point starting at 28 meters (92 feet). She is an
amazing sight to behold with some of her guns pointing towards the
surface. Due to her location and the strong tides that wash over her,
visibility is often in excess of 20 meters (amazing by UK standards);
sitting on the stern, a diver can see one-third of the entire wreck.
There were in excess of 1,000 portholes on this ship and many are
still firmly stuck in place.
The Moldavia is a sister ship of RMS Medina (Quest, Vol. 2, No 4).
Luxor
The Luxor was only a few weeks old when she met her fate on March
18, 1918. She left out of Cherbourg, France leading a small convoy
to Weymouth, her master frustrated at having to travel much slower
than the normal speed of 10 knots. At 2:10 am, the master saw the
wake of an incoming torpedo and ordered the helm hard to port, but
the ship could not respond in time. The torpedo struck her on her
starboard side and she went under in three minutes. The crew immediately
abandoned ship and were picked up by two escort trawlers. To date,
the Luxor has yet to be discovered.
Shirala
The Shirala was a 5,306-ton passenger and cargo ship built in 1901
for The British India Steam Navigation Company. She was used to ferry
passengers and cargo on scheduled routes to and from India. On 29
June 1918, she started her final voyage bound for India fully loaded
with a very mixed cargo that included munitions, ivory, wine, marmalade,
lorry parts, spares for model T cars and sheets of paper from the
Bank of England to be printed as Rupees.
At 5: 12 pm, on 2 July 1918, the Shirala was four miles northeast
of the Owers lightship vessel, when Lohs fired a torpedo, detonating
amidships on the port side. Captain E. G. Murray Dickenson gave the
order to abandon ship. All 200 passengers survived, but, sadly, eight
out of the one hundred crewmen died when cold sea water came flooding
into the stoke room, and caused a secondary explosion upon contact
with the hot boilers.
The wreck today is well dived and a must for all divers. The Shirala
is well broken up, and lies in approximately 22 meters (73 feet) of
water. There are still brass detonating caps, marmalade jars and wine
bottles scattered in the sand amongst aircraft bombs and lorry parts.
Visibility is typically 4-9 meters.
The City of Brisbane
The City of Brisbane was heading for Buenos Aires when, on 13 August
1918, her lookouts spotted the telltale wake of an inbound torpedo.
It was too late to do anything, and within seconds she was struck
aft of hold number five. The side of the ship was completely blown
in and the engine room was completely open to the sea.
The ship immediately started to settle in the water, and within a
few minutes the stern was on the seabed and the master ordered all
hands to abandon ship. All managed to get clear, and within half an
hour the bow slipped under the waves.
Today, she lies in 30 meters, 5-6 meters proud at the bows. This is
the last recorded kill of the crew of the UB-57.
The Fates of UC-75 and UB-57
The UC-75 by now under the command of Oberleutant Schmitz was rammed
on 31 May 1918 by HMS Fairy. Before sinking, 13 crewmembers escaped
and were captured. However, shortly afterwards, HMS Fairy also sank
as a result of damages sustained in her collision with the much larger
and newer U-boat. The UC-75 now lies upright and intact in 42 meters.
The deck gun, propeller and torpedo tubes have been removed.
UB-57
After sinking the City of Brisbane, the UB-57 headed for home in Zeebrugge,
Belgium. During the journey, having first checked that the horizon
was clear, she started to surface to run on diesels and recharge her
batteries. Upon surfacing, Lohs opened the hatch to find himself almost
directly beneath a low-flying British airship. A crash dive was immediately
ordered, but they had been spotted and the airship started dropping
bombs. Fortunately, they evaded sinking and continued their journey
home.
On 14 August 1918, Lohs radioed to base that he had sunk 15,000 tons
of shipping and was returning to base. That night he started through
the narrow and swept straits of Dover. Nothing more was ever heard
from him but it is likely that he hit a mine near Zeebrugge. Lohs'
body and those of some of his crew were washed up near the mouth of
the river Scheldt about one week later. Lohs was one of the Imperial
Navy's war heroes, having sunk an impressive seventy-six merchant
ships and one warship, a total of 148,677 tons. During World War II,
one of the U-boat flotillas operating from France was named in his
honour.
UK Wreck Diving
Two world wars, as well as many centuries as an ocean-going nation,
have ensured a plentiful supply of wreck diving opportunities for
UK wreck divers. There are an estimated 500,000 wrecks around the
UK coast, some dating back almost 2,000 years. The First World War,
and the U-boat activity that played a role in it, has provided many
wrecks for divers. Some have become regular favourites of divers,
others have yet to be discovered. The English Channel offers a large
number of unknown and unexplored wrecks that keep UK divers occupied
throughout the summer months. Due to weather and conditions, the typical
diving season begins in April and ends in October. Temperatures range
from about 12¼ C in April to 17¼ C in September.
The more interesting and unexplored wrecks tend to be found in or
close to the two shipping lanes in the middle of the channel. Here,
depths range from about 40 meters (132 feet) in the east to in excess
of 100 meters (330 feet) in the west. These tend to be challenging
dives, not least of which is a result of trying to avoid the heavy
traffic during decompression. However, the unknown wrecks that can
be found compensate for the additional planning and logistics required.
